Journal: PLOS Genetics

Article Title: HTL/KAI2 signaling substitutes for light to control plant germination

doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011447

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Representative z-stack projection images of an overexpression eYFP-SMAX1 line ( smax1-2; 35S :: eYFP-SMAX1) . Seeds were exposed to light for six hours to initiate germination and then transferred to total darkness for 48 hours. After 48 hours in the dark, seedlings were exposed to light for 6 or 12 hours. The red outline is propidium iodide staining of the cell walls. The duration of light and dark treatments is drawn at the top of the figure. (B) Representative z-stack projection images of an overexpression eYFP-SMAX1 line ( smax1-2; 35S :: eYFP-SMAX1) after 48 hours of continuous light germination with or without 1μM rac -GR24. Seeds were exposed to light for 48 hours. After 48 hours in the light, seedlings were placed in the dark for 6 or 12 hours. The red outline is propidium iodide staining of the cell walls. The duration of light and dark treatments is drawn at the top of the figure. Scale bar = 25μm.

Article Snippet: A stock solution of rac -GR24, PAC (Cayman Chemical Company, 18864), and ABA (Sigma-Aldrich, A1049-100MG) was diluted in DMSO, 100% ethanol, and 100% methanol, respectively.

Techniques: Over Expression, Staining

Journal: PLOS Genetics

Article Title: HTL/KAI2 signaling substitutes for light to control plant germination

doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011447

Figure Lengend Snippet: Heatmap representation of mutant germination phenotypes on 20 μM PAC, 20 μM PAC, and 1 μM rac-GR24, 2 μM ABA, or in the absence of light. The germination responses were hierarchically clustered using the complete linkage method with Euclidean Distance. The mutants fall into three groups: det1-1 like (Group 1), abi1-1 like (Group 2), and smax1-2 like (Group 3). The photographs show the bleached seedling phenotype of various mutants grown on 2.5 μM CTL-VI. Bolded cells indicate mutants which showed wild-type sensitivity to CTL-VI. smax1-4 is a novel SMAX1 allele. See for putative mutant list and values.

Article Snippet: A stock solution of rac -GR24, PAC (Cayman Chemical Company, 18864), and ABA (Sigma-Aldrich, A1049-100MG) was diluted in DMSO, 100% ethanol, and 100% methanol, respectively.

Techniques: Mutagenesis

Journal: Journal of Fungi

Article Title: Hyphal Growth and Conidia Germination Are Induced by Phytohormones in the Root Colonizing and Plant Growth Promoting Fungus Metarhizium guizhouense

doi: 10.3390/jof9090945

Figure Lengend Snippet: Germination rate graphs. The graphs are divided into the three times marked in blue, 6 h; pink, 8 h; and sky blue, 10 h. Asterisks mark those with significant differences vs. control. ( A ) Gibberellic acid (GA 3 ): 6 h; ANOVA one-way test, p ≤ 0.0001, F (4.31) = 11.67. 8 h; ANOVA one-way test, p ≤ 0.0001, F (4.31) = 10.32. 10 h; ANOVA one-way test, p = 0.0029, F (4.25) = 5.37. ( B ) 3-indole acetic acid (IAA): 6 h; ANOVA one-way test, p ≤ 0.0001, F (4.31) = 20.44. 8 h; Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.0008, H (4.36) = 18.91. 10 h; ANOVA one-way test, p = 0.5601, F (4.25) = 0.76. ( C ) Synthetic strigolactone rac-GR24 (GR24): 6 h; ANOVA one-way test, p ≤ 0.0001, F (4.31) = 12.03. 8 h; Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.4215, H (4.36) = 3.89. 10 h; ANOVA one-way test, p = 0.7278, F (4.31) = 0.5113. ( D ) Strigolactone (+−)-sorgolactone (SorL): 6 h; ANOVA one-way test, p = 0.6070, F (4.31) = 0.69. 8 h; ANOVA one-way test, p = 0.0004, F (4.31) = 6.94. 10 h; ANOVA one-way test, p = 0.0276, F (4.31) = 3.15. GP: 0.1234 (ns), 0.0332 (*), 0.0021 (**), 0.0002 (***), <0.0001 (****). Only those that were positively significant vs. control are shown.

Article Snippet: Then, a 20 mm diameter filter paper disk (previously sterilized) was placed 1.5 cm from the center, toward the opposite side of the Metarhizium drop, where a 20 μL drop of a solution of any of the following phytohormones was placed: Synthetic strigolactone rac-GR24 (GR24) (ChemPep ® , Wellington, FL, USA), (+−)-sorgolactone (SorL) (ChemPep ® , Wellington, DC, USA), 3-indolacetic acid (IAA) (Sigma ® , Saint Louis, MO, USA) and gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) (Sigma ® , Saint Louis, MO, USA), at different concentrations ranging from 1 × 10 3 M to 1 × 10 6 M. They were incubated at 28 °C in total darkness for 6, 8 or 10 h. Nine replicates were performed for each treatment.

Techniques: Control

Journal: Journal of Fungi

Article Title: Hyphal Growth and Conidia Germination Are Induced by Phytohormones in the Root Colonizing and Plant Growth Promoting Fungus Metarhizium guizhouense

doi: 10.3390/jof9090945

Figure Lengend Snippet: Hyphal length graphs. The graphs are divided into the three times, represented by a purple circle, 6 h; red triangle, 8 h; and sky blue hexagon, 10 h. Asterisks mark those with significant differences vs. control. ( A ) Gibberellic acid (GA 3 ): 6 h; Kruskal-Wallis test, p ≤ 0.0001, H (4.718) = 83.21. 8 h; Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.0610, H (4.1720) = 9.00. 10 h; Kruskal-Wallis test, p ≤ 0.0001, H (4.3017) = 95.61. ( B ) 3-indole acetic acid (IAA): 6 h; Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.0007, H (4.152) = 19.37. 8 h; Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.0003, H (4.912) = 21.36. 10 h; Kruskal-Wallis test, p ≤ 0.0001, H (4.2713) = 102.4. ( C ) Synthetic strigolactone rac-GR24 (GR24): 6 h; Kruskal-Wallis test, p ≤ 0.0001, H (4.1313) = 24.21. 8 h; Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.0005, H (4.1285) = 20.10. 10 h; Kruskal-Wallis test, p ≤ 0.0001, H (4.2388) = 70.93. ( D ) Strigolactone (+−)-sorgolactone (SorL): 6 h; Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.0015 H (4.416) = 17.57. 8 h; Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.0020, H (4.1528) = 16.95. 10 h; Kruskal-Wallis test, p ≤ 0.0001, H (4.2121) = 31.64. GP: 0.1234 (ns), 0.0332 (*), 0.0021 (**), 0.0002 (***), <0.0001 (****). Only those that were positively significant vs. control are shown.

Article Snippet: Then, a 20 mm diameter filter paper disk (previously sterilized) was placed 1.5 cm from the center, toward the opposite side of the Metarhizium drop, where a 20 μL drop of a solution of any of the following phytohormones was placed: Synthetic strigolactone rac-GR24 (GR24) (ChemPep ® , Wellington, FL, USA), (+−)-sorgolactone (SorL) (ChemPep ® , Wellington, DC, USA), 3-indolacetic acid (IAA) (Sigma ® , Saint Louis, MO, USA) and gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) (Sigma ® , Saint Louis, MO, USA), at different concentrations ranging from 1 × 10 3 M to 1 × 10 6 M. They were incubated at 28 °C in total darkness for 6, 8 or 10 h. Nine replicates were performed for each treatment.

Techniques: Control